Plato and Aristotle: History of Science

Pop quiz are you a Platonist or an Aristotelian? An idealist or an empiricist? Do you think up neat rules to describe the universe and then try to fit data into your theory? Or do you observe the world and draw conclusions from what you see? Do you trust math, or your senses? Before you decide, let’s take a trip to urban Athens circa BCE… [Intro Music] Last week, we met the Presocratics despite having by any reasonable standard invented science in Europe, these thinkers are lumped together today as simply “not Socrates.” So who was this smarty pants? Socrates didn’t have a single, clearly formulated natural philosophy. He didn’t even study nature! He studied politics and morality and prided himself on not claiming to know things. But Socrates did two important things he asked a lot of questions, which influenced how philosophers went about teaching their ideas. And he inspired the two rockstars of classical Greek philosophy. Socrates held that knowledge comes from asking questions. So many questions! His name is attached to the Socratic method—in which you constantly ask questions so that students can steadily break down a big problem into smaller parts, parts they can test hypotheses against. It’s okay if they realize that a hypothesis is wrong in fact, it’s good! It means they’re moving away from falsehood. The Socratic method is an example of negative hypothesis elimination, or proving that something is wrong to narrow down the possibilities of what might be right. But Socrates’s biggest legacy might be his student, Plato, and his student’s student, contact pof admin Aristotle. Both were inspired by Socrates’s methods, but they arrived at some very different conclusions about the world. We know a lot about Socrates thanks to his students. Chiefly Plato founded a physical school called the Academy to train Athenians in how to think like Socrates. Plato wrote down dialogues between Socrates and other thinkers including Parmenides he was the Eleatic philosopher who believed that nothing really changes, and thus we can’t trust our senses. This had a big impact on Plato. Whose best known works include Republic, in which Socrates defines justice and argues for rule by philosopher-king instead of democracy, and Timaeus, in which Socrates talks about the nature of the universe. Plato had a big impact on thinking about thinking. Today, we still use Plato’s name for a place of philosophical learning, “Academy,” to describe the concept of higher education in general. At the original Academy, Plato emphasized training in how to think properly. Over the door of the Academy was inscribed the dictum, “Let no one enter here who is ignorant of geometry.” Plato based his own philosophy on geometrical laws. He taught a Pythagoras-inspired idealism, or a theory of nature based on perfect abstractions—rules, of which real-world stuff could only ever be imperfect examples. So Plato had to fit his observations to his theory. That idealism is one of the reasons people think of Plato as more of a philosopher than a scientist. Plato built on the work of the Presocratic schools. But he developed a more complete way of looking at the natural world than they did. And his students took off in search of solutions, even as they changed his underlying theory. The only Greek who wrote more philosophy than Plato was Plato’s own star student and rival, Aristotle. Compared to Plato’s idealistic abstractions, Aristotle’s philosophy makes more common sense. His ideas are based on empirical evidence he observed the world and then came up with a theory that explained it. This order of operations is at the heart of modern scientific practices. Aristotle was from Macedonia, in the north of Greece. But he studied at Plato’s Academy in Athens for twenty years, until Plato died. Afterward, Aristotle took a lucrative gig King Philip II of Macedonia hired him as tutor to his son, Alexander. And, you know this particular Alexander he decided to conquer the entire earth. Before age thirty, he ruthlessly conquered much of Asia, Africa, and Europe, ruling over more area than anybody until Genghis Khan. Aristotle’s influence on Alexander “the Great” reminds us that science is always social. From the very beginning, scientists have served bad, heartless dudes. Aristotle, a man who literally wrote the book Ethics, pushed his most famous pupil to invade Persia, kill “barbarians,” and become a brutal warlord. After Alexander died young, Aristotle went back to Athens to start his own school, the Lyceum. The Lyceum was pretty different from Plato’s Academy. Because Aristotle liked plants and liked to walk and talk, his school wasn’t in a building, but a grove of trees outside the city. And his school was called the Peripatetic, meaning “walkie” and thus informal—not like the Academy. It was during the Lyceum years that Aristotle probably wrote many of his most famous works, including Metaphysics, On the Heavens, On the Soul—which is actually an amazing book of proto-biology-meets-psychology—and his school’s highly influential set of textbooks on natural philosophy, called Physics. How did Aristotle answer our big questions about physics, such as “what was stuff?” And “where are we?” He posited a complete system, joining the elements and the heavens. This became the basis for European thought about the physical world for two thousand years! Let’s compare Aristotle’s system to his mentor Plato’s in this week’s ThoughtBubble. For Plato, the cosmos was perfect. It had perfect rules that could be studied. And all cosmic stuff was made up of atoms that were perfect geometric “platonic solids”, each creating one element tetrahedrons of fire, cubes of earth, octahedrons of air, icosahedrons of water, and dodecahedrons as the shape of the whole universe… Like a giant celestial set of D&D; dice! Plato’s theory of the heavens stated that the wandering stars—that is, the planets—followed a path of uniform circular motion. You see, the wandering stars must move in perfect circles, since the cosmos is orderly. Ah, but this one is moving backwards! Plato’s students could see that Mars, for one, seemed to jump backwards, showing retrograde motion. Plato didn’t really have an explanation. European astronomers would spend the next two thousand years meticulously trying to solve this problem. They’d end up learning a lot in the process. How did Aristotle build on Plato’s system? Aristotle’s cosmology was abstract, too, but attempted to make sense of observations about the world. He crossed those same four elements, plus a new anti-void one called æther, with four physical sensations hot and cold, dry and wet, and used these to explain everything Earth was the heaviest element, so it was the center of the cosmos. Water was lighter than earth so the oceans rested on top of the earth. So far so good. Air’s natural state is above water. That also checks out! Fire sat on top of air, which is a little weird… but it does go up, I guess? And way out beyond these four terrestrial spheres—out past the Moon—spun the stars, acting according to their nature as ætherial, or perfect-circle-moving, objects. And nowhere, anywhere in this theory, was a void. Nature abhors a vacuum! In Aristotle’s cosmos, all of the elements were actively trying to get back to their natural states. Why did flames rise? They were just trying to get back to the fiery celestial realm above the air. Thanks Thought Bubble. From the Presocratics to Plato to Aristotle, we’ve ended up with a bunch of spheres inside of spheres, each with a natural tendency. This confirmed the average Bronze Age farmer’s experience… and ours. The earth seems to stand still. Water sits on earth. Air isn’t very heavy. Aristotle recognized that elements didn’t always exist in their pure forms. A tree, for example, was a combination of earth, water, and air roots go down into the earth, and branches up into the air. His theory also worked for comparisons. Why does a book fall faster than a piece of paper? Because it has more earth in it. Aristotle could even explain natural phenomenon. Why does rain fall from the sky to the ground? customer service phone number for plenty of fish Why do volcanoes shoot fire up? Obviously this isn’t how I think gravity works, but it’s a way of explaining it that made sense to the Ancient Greeks. Where Plato saw a world of ideal shapes, Aristotle had a theory that acknowledged that we’re all kind of a hot mess. Things are naturally jumbled up, but always trying to get back to their essential place. [Living things] Aristotle also loved looking at living things. And he looked closely. He noticed, for example, that the octopus can change color—which is awesome—and that male octopi have a special arm called a “hectocotylus”—which is… something you should Google. Because it’s weird and gross but also kind of awesome. And it wasn’t confirmed by scientists until the s! Aristotle thus trusted that knowledge proceeded from the experience of the senses. In works such as History of Animals, among others, he wrote down observations like these about all kinds of organisms. He also tried to classify the world in an orderly system, giving rise to taxonomy. When he attempted to answer the question “what is life,” the taxonomy he created relied on a system of souls. Plants have a vegetative soul, responsible for reproduction and growth. Animals have a vegetative and a sensitive or animal soul, responsible for mobility and sensation. And humans—and only humans—have a vegetative, a sensitive, and a rational soul, capable of thought and reflection. This led Aristotle to further theorize that all things can be placed on a line from simplest-slash-least-soulful to highest-slash-most-soulful. On one end, he placed plants, then worms, and so on. These low animals bore their offspring cold, dry, and in thick eggs. The higher animals made warm and wet babies. So of course, at the other end of the line, Aristotle placed men. Meaning not “humans,” but dudes according to him, cold maternal blood produced inferior humans, AKA girls, while hot paternal semen produced boys. Aristotle was… maybe not someone we’d want to elect as our philosopher-king today? But Aristotle’s system of classification again seemed to confirm his classical and medieval readers’ daily experiences. His proto-biological ideas stuck around in various forms until Darwin, getting lumped under the heading of the Great Chain of Being—that all creatures on earth stand somewhere on a ladder of perfection up toward God. You may have already guessed that this concept has been particularly troublesome when it comes to scientific racism. But that’s a story for later. The creepier effects of some his ideas aside, Aristotle had an answer for everything. For the most part, these were based in observation and conformed to common sense. His answers were able to explain how the world worked… most of the time. And not only did Aristotle come up with a complete theory of everything, he wrote it down. He was a prolific author, and a significant percentage of his texts have survived thanks to our Arabian scholars. Then again, Plato’s transcendental ideas about the cosmos—even if wrong in their particulars—inspired centuries of scholars to think about the universe as having underlying laws, ones that hold regardless of what our senses can show us. So are you a Platonist or an Aristotelian? Or, taking a page from Socrates, is that a trick question!? Next time—we’ll follow Alexander the Maybe-Not-So-Great to India to witness the rise of the Maurya dynasty, set the earth spinning on its axis, and found a science of life! Crash Course History of Science is filmed in the Dr. Cheryl C. Kinney studio in Missoula, Montana and it’s made with the help of all this nice people and our animation team is Thought Cafe. Crash Course is a Complexly production. If you wanna keep imagining the world complexly with us, you can check out some of our other channels like Scishow, Nature League, and The Financial Diet. And, if you’d like to keep Crash Course free for everybody, forever, you can support the series at Patreon; a crowdfunding platform that allows you to support the content you love. Thank you to all of our patrons for making Crash Course possible with their continued support. contact pof by email/phone

The Presocratics: Crash History of Science

long ago some philosophers worked very hard to separate myths from what they actually knew about nature bailey’s theorized that everything in the world is made of water Pythagoras was a mathematical mystical vegetarian and Democritus we all know and love as the atom guy meet the pre-socratics the pre-socratics were named for their leader of course priests Socrates that is a joke they were several different philosophers who lived before Socrates now why start with the pre-socratics since people have systematically made knowledge about the world for millennia there’s no single starting point but a convenient place to get our footing is ancient Greece these Greeks were the cornerstone of scientific inquiry in Western Europe their theories had a terrific run like try and imagine coming up with a question about the nature that puzzles people for more than , years I can’t even decide what to have for contact pof customer support uk breakfast more practical reason to put on our thinking Tobi’s is that the ancient Greeks left behind sources writing stuff down makes history possible and here’s a protip if you want to be remembered in , years keep a diary preferably on vellum with metallic ink also get super famous so that your students make plenty of copies not all the people we think of as ancient Greeks actually even lived in Greece their culture stretched across a prosperous region called Ionia and they weren’t as ancient to some even ancient er Greeks we typically date ancient Greece’s starting around BCE after the fall of the Mycenaeans those are the dudes who burned down Troy because one of them got dumped zero chill ancient Greece ends with the Roman conquest in BC II we’re focusing on a science dense period from around to BCE these Greeks live in small towns and are very comfy out at sea they trade and fight with each other a lot and they sometimes have to deal with invading Persians they worship nature but their land is deforested and eroded they love setting up new colonies all along the Mediterranean and the Black Sea there is no public support for anything like modern science there aren’t even schools in which to study science the Greeks practiced natural philosophy meaning self conscious inquiry into nature a lot of their philosophies were about answering our first running question here on history of science what is stuff I mean really if you watched our first episode you’ll know that we can divide science into both a body of knowledge and a set of methods and you examine the work of these pre-socratic philosophers you can see two important things first they weren’t tests in a modern sense they didn’t make detailed accurate knowledge of nature based on observation but they did come up with theories that tried to account for why stuff is the way that it is in there wonky sounding theories we still find many of the themes that would drive centuries of further inquiry that divide between the abstract and the material or identifying the smallest possible particle of stuff second as these natural philosophers tried their best to separate myth from truth they developed first drafts of many of the methods we still use in value today natural philosophy became a quest for abstract knowledge this is important because it means the pre-socratics started making general claims about the real world laws that would apply in every situation not just specific instances the pre-socratics also developed schools of thought that spread their ideas around geographically and down the centuries these weren’t physical schools they were groups of teachers and students who thought about the same problems one of the reasons we know about these schools of thought is because they operated as individuals who took credit for their ideas and whose names were passed down this practice differed from many other cultures of inquiry and became a foundation for how Europeans later systematically made knowledge but the big method of knowledge making here and the one that we’re gonna focus on was rational debates between all those schools and individuals and abstract theories there was a lot of disagreement to convince people they were right a natural philosopher had to use reason logic and observation to attack the wrong seeming theories of others and bolster his own awesomeness in fact some historians argue that there’s a link between rational debate about political constitutionality or how humans should govern themselves and rational debate about the constitution of nature or how the world governs itself now there are more pre-socratics than we could possibly mention so here are a few highlights this is our rogues gallery of natural philosophers who all had their own theories and they argued they rationally debated themselves into the history of science the first European natural philosopher whose ideas survived down to the present was failings the first individual known to have proved a mathematical theorem fail ‘yes’ theorem in fact early historians attributed lots of first to fail e is making it hard tell exactly what he really accomplished regardless being the first at a whole way of doing thought is pretty unusual bailey’s set the natural world off as separate from the divine for him the world was something comprehensible by the powers of the human intellect it became an object a thing like other things this meant leaving the gods out for example bailey’s held that wind not a god caused the Nile to flood this was a general natural explanation for a phenomenon bailey’s was not however irreligious he believed that all things have a God or a soul within them filly’s was also the founder of the first European school of philosophy the Malaysians a Malaysian school was known for its theory of matter a theory of stuff this theory held that water was the primary substrate or the most basic element the earth floats on water like a ship earthquakes happen when the water rocks back and forth the soul of things may have not been material but their stuff ‘no swatter will come back to this essential dualism of soul versus matter in future episodes later Plato and Aristotle were dismissive of fáil ease and part of their argument was that they’ll ease once predicted an upcoming harvest to cornered the market on olive oil using his philosophy for personal gain is that ok depends on who you ask Bailey’s is a star student was Anaximander he’s thought to have been the first European philosopher to write down his own ideas like Bailey’s Anaximander believed that nature is ruled by discoverable laws but Anaximander rejected a faiis watery Universal substrate proposing instead a formless initial state called the appearin Anaximander proposed that this primal formlessness would then devolve into opposite properties that could be experienced like hot or cold wet or dry heavy and light etc Anaximander worked in astronomy geography and mathematics one of his contributions was introducing the gnome on the part of the sundial that cast the shadow to Greece these had already been used in China for two millennia the Noman was good for more than just telling time it helped people better understand the movement of the Sun and it helped Anaximander develop a model of the cosmos that envisioned heavenly wheels shirt by holes letting leg through one of our earliest examples of natural philosophers tried to conquer the where are we question the last great thinker associated with the Malaysians was empedocles who was probably also influenced by Pythagoras and pair amenities almost every Greek philosopher had a book called on nature it’s super confusing in empedocles on nature he put forward the theory of the four classical elements earth air fire and water mixed by two forces love and strife while this conversation on pof theory of course seems hopelessly misguided now remember that simply by asking what is stuff the Malaysians were moving away from mythology and toward modern physics probably the pre-socratic philosopher most well-known today is Pythagoras that triangle guy Pythagoras studied the philosophy of the Malaysians but he was a more mystic thinker which is a nice way of saying Pythagoras was a cult leader he believed in reincarnation and outlawed beans seeing them as impure probably historians love to debate the bean thing at least we’re pretty sure he was a vegetarian how can he be vegetarian without beans hi grace is focused on the pure dovetails with the fact that we think of him as having introduced the notion of idealism to science idealists generated abstract models of perfect stuff this was unlike Malaysians who were materialists they started theorizing about actual stuff in terms of math Pythagoras’s idealism meant a shift from practical arithmetic inherited from egypt and mesopotamia to a new pure geometry for pythagoras numbers were not just a way of counting stuff they were sacred pythagoras loved whole numbers he hated irrational numbers of such as the square root of he called the square root of the Allegan or the unutterable to even know that irrational numbers existed you had to join the cult of the pythagorean’s and work your way into the innermost circle this is so great for our purposes the thing that Pythagoras added to science is the role of the mathematical proof Egyptians and Babylonians knew about Pythagorean triplets that is like the whole number solutions to the Pythagorean theorem that was useful a practical guide that can be in lamented by ancient engineers but Pythagoras understood it and proved it in a purely mathematical abstract with Pythagoras creating an elegant abstract proof became a model for justifying a new claim to knowledge another major threat in Greek thought before Socrates was Adam ISM the theory that the world is made of particles that you can’t divide any further this was associated with Democritus who made heavy use of rational debate through dialogues our wonder of this period for this he is the star of this episode’s thought-bubble Democritus held that everything is made of atoms indestructible uncreated always in motion and infinite in number and they came in all kinds of shapes and sizes and his focus on matter Democritus was a materialist like the Malaysians he’s even credited with holding a bottle of air underwater to show that air is made of stuff thus giving rise to the experiment as a way to illustrate a theory still Democritus had a lot to prove he would ask what is air and people would be like nothing Democritus and that’s when he’d say that’s where you’re wrong most famously Democritus argued against other theorists Parmenides and Zeno using something that we call the void hypothesis Democritus was like everything is made of little indivisible bits of stuff I call them atoms then Zeno is all but Democritus my friend what is between two atoms then Democritus says nothing between the atoms there is only a void and then Zeno replies you’re caught in a paradox friend if everything is made of atoms and the void is a thing then the void is made of atoms but then what is between the atoms of the void and then presumably Zeno dropped a BCE equivalent of a mic and the crowd went wild thanks thought bubble this was rational debate this particular debate would go on for centuries but more importantly the structure of the dialogue the celebration of rational debate as almost a sporting event for these nerds was a new and valuable way to analyze our universe this debate is just one example of how the pre-socratics elevated being curious about the world into Natural Philosophy it’s important remember that the natural philosophers of ancient Greece lives in a very different world both physically and socially from that of like jeopardy and github but the way that this group of thinkers framed problems about stuff changed nothingness mathematical elegance perception truth than the cosmos has echoed across the centuries next time we’ll watch Plato and Aristotle Duke it out over idealism and empiricism it’s gonna be a Throwdown for the ages crash course history of science is filmed in the doctor Cheryl C Kinney studio in Missoula Montana and it is made possible with the help of all of these nice people and our animation team is thought cafe crash course is a complexly production if you want to keep imagining the world complexly with us check out some of our other channels like the financial diet scishow space and Mental Floss if you’d like to keep crash course free for everyone forever you can support the series at patreon a crowdfunding platform that allows you to support the content you love thank you to all of our patrons for making crash course possible with their continued pof username recovery

History of science with Topics

hello and welcome to our new series crash course history of science my name is Hank green and I have wanted to produce this course for years I am obsessed with how people throughout the ages have uncovered truths about the universe and converted these into a wealth of technological wonders this process has decreased the suffering of millions of humans even as it sparked entirely new problems regardless of the outcomes of scientific inquiry the process itself is fascinating the world you inhabit today is full of gadgets that once belonged to science fiction we can model what the earth looked like millions of years ago or zoom in and observe the atoms that make up our own bodies we are going to be telling that inspiring story we’ll be thinking about thinking with Aristotle digging canals in Song Dynasty China listening to robot musicians in medieval Turkey fighting an electrical war in New York City and discovering the shape of DNA in cold war England so the history of science is not only a story of humanity’s collective movement from ignorance to knowledge for two different reasons first as much as scientists today might not like to always admit it we are still pretty ignorant and we don’t agree on what it would mean to reach the ultimate truth with a capital T take a big question that we’ve been asking for a long time like what is stuff while modern physicists will tell you that stuff is made of contact plenty of fish support atoms and the atoms are made of quarks and leptons we still don’t know why quarks exist or why there appears to be far more matter in the universe than we can account for even something as basic as stuff needs a lot more sciencing second and more importantly for historians science isn’t a stable idea or even a single idea that’s why in this episode we’re going to be thinking about some ways to answer a deceptively simple question what is the history of science the history of today science can mean both our body of knowledge about the world as well as the methods we use to create that knowledge or how we know the stuff that we know within that how there are two main practices things that we do to systematically generate knowledge one observe some specific aspect of the world for example Darwin spent decades obsessively observing the subtle variations in different kinds of barnacles orchids turtles birds and other living things this led him to theorize how they’ve changed over time my dude loved barnacles who conduct an experiment to answer some question about the world did Galileo drop two metal balls of different masses from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to show that they fall at the same rate and disprove Aristotle’s theory of gravity probably not but Dutch thinkers Seamon Stefan and John cornets de Groot did conduct that experiment soon after today we have much larger towers for testing theories in physics the Large Hadron Collider is miles long finally when I say systematically I mean that there are rules about observing or experimenting rules that anyone can follow that notion of anyone being able to be a scientist is super important in fact a lot of contemporary scientists have three Latin words tattooed on their arms lilius and verba on no one’s word now let’s explore this phrase because it’s important in this series the thought bubble is going to bring to life different wonders from the history of science today our wonder is pretty abstract the wonder of the reproducible experiment nullius in verba is the motto of the Royal Society this group of knowledge makers that was founded in as a quote college for the promoting of physio mathematical experimental learning Andrew founded in as the Royal Society of London for the improvement of natural knowledge and it’s still around today the Society was started as a place to debate new ideas about nature its members demonstrated experiments in front of each other while witnessing the proofs behind their theories they wrote up these theories in the Society’s Philosophical Transactions one of the world’s oldest peer-reviewed scientific journals influenced by Francis Bacon’s ideas which would eventually become associated the scientific method the founding members of the Royal Society chose a motto with an unambiguous meaning don’t believe something just because someone tells you it’s true test out each new hypothesis or educated guess yourself in other words your individual proof of how some natural phenomenon works should be something that anyone can reproduce this idea had an enormous impact on a history of science later members of the Royal Society included stars like Ike Newton Ben Franklin Mike Faraday Chuck Darwin even Big Al Einstein who was about as British as sauerkraut in fact plot twist the early scientists who adopted the Creed nullius in verba were not actually scientists they were well-off alchemists and medical doctors and they called themselves natural philosophers or people who loved truths concerning the world around them natural philosophy in th century England was sort of like contemporary Natural Sciences mashed up with medicine mathematics some philosophy philosophy and a with our religion the word scientist was only coined recently in historical terms in the s and caught on around it was made up by an English scientist named William Hewell who was also a historian of science and a priest so if we only cared about the history of people called scientists our job would be easy there aren’t any until around and most people called scientists or natural philosophers looked suspiciously similar to one another take the Royal Society it’s members have been until recently almost exclusively rich Englishman even though their ranks have included many incredibly clever scientists they haven’t represented anything like all knowledge makers the nd president of the Royal Society biophysicist to think that Rama and Rama Krishnan is the group’s first non-white leader and there has never been a female president but the history of systematically knowing stuff obviously goes back much further than the Royal Society and includes more types of people than English blokes us science is a historical and social concept not one that’s existed forever in the same way for all people because the history of science includes many systems of understanding the world we have to consider these systems on their own terms it may seem simpler to focus on just the winners of history but hearing a the big euro-american names Plato Einstein doesn’t teach us much about the global system of science today taking the time to highlight different knowledge worlds will help us see our own as relatively recent not entirely unified and evolving for example we’ll learn about the Greco Latin Jewish Arabic medicine of the medieval contact plenty of fish website  Mediterranean world millennia of argue vedic knowledge across the subcontinent traditional chinese medicine and Incan talking knots and engineering just to name a few each of these systems has its own social norms about what count as valid ways to make and share knowledge we’ll look at modern scientific norms in a later episode and each of these can help us see the other Nestorian taught so other after all we can see natural philosophers and other proto scientists as amazingly smart people making sense of their world not as like bad scientists they understood the world around them in the smartest way they could for example according to medieval Mediterranean medicine the organ in my head was for venting waste heat not for thinking people of the past weren’t stupid they knew that if your head was chopped off that was curtains for you but they weren’t sure what all that weird gray stuff did and even today though we can see a neuron fire and high resolution we struggle to understand what really goes on when it fires that is the role of a single neuron and thinking much less the answer to the question what is consciousness the history of science really gets even juicier when incremental nagging questions about the natural world add up and cause a scientific discipline or an entire society to change in a revolutionary way later in this series we’ll look at moments of revolution within the sciences alongside philosophers such as Thomas Kuhn and Michele Foucault who did not always agree they show that science isn’t only historical and social but constructs entire worlds of knowledge in which we all find ourselves trapped don’t worry about that yet though by learning the history of science we will automatically start to think about our own knowledge world as historical not finished not capitally enlightened around the world humans are still actively working to understand our universe but they don’t all agree on how to do it we may be able to make more accurate models of natural phenomena but we may never find the ultimate answers we see at its limit the history of science touches on the study of religion the diverse and changing nature of the neverending human search for truth with a capital T our path through past knowledge worlds is going to be a beautiful and powerful one there are many many marvelous insights to celebrate to help us keep our footing as we jump across centuries and continents we’re going to keep our eyes on five big questions in this series questions that to this day we do not have complete answers – first what is stuff from atoms to dark matter – space-time what our things made us and things by the way includes air fire and outer space if you think I’m gonna sit here and not celebrate the death of phlogiston with you you are sorely mistaken number two what is life what’s the simplest way to define living things are viruses alive is the earth alive where did life come from where did current organisms come from how do we understand their interactions with each other in the world where are we what is this place the earth what is its place in the cosmos is this the only universe for when are we more questions of scale how long have we been around what about living things what about the whole universe what came before that and how can we agree on what we know and how can I convince more people that the stuff I know is accurate for example how can I show anti-vaxxers that vaccines are necessary and safe regarding technology how should we talk about what to do with our knowledge all of these questions have been considered by people as far back as records exist they also remain active areas of study today but that last theme is so important that it gets the final section humans have always tried to describe the world for lots of reasons in part because it’s fascinating magnets how do they work and partly to control it knowledge as they told us in grade school really is power the power that knowing stuff gives the knower is exactly why we should study the history of science thus one goal of this course is to highlight how the values beliefs about right and ethics acceptable behaviors of scientists and engineers shape our world and how conversely sciences and technologies are shaped by the societies that produce them we have a responsibility as citizens to understand and to act accordingly our world today looks radically dissimilar to that of years ago and the paraphrase Andy weir we have science the heck out of it we learned about stuff made new technologies and are currently scrambling to learn new stuff to solve the problems that our old technologies created facing an utterly unprecedented total ecological catastrophe we may need to science it even more in one way or another we’ll talk more about this in future episodes learning the history of science can help shine a light on this dark future next time pack your spanakopita we’re headed to ancient Greece to invent natural philosophy with the pre-socratics until then this has been on no one’s word crash course history of science crash course history of science is filmed in the doctor Cheryl C Kinney studio in Missoula Montana and it’s made with the help of all these nice people and our animation team is thought cafe crash course is a complexly production if you want to keep imagining the world complexly with us you can check out some of our other channels like sexplanations how to adult and healthcare triage hey if you would like to keep crash course free for everybody forever you can support the series at patreon a crowdfunding platform that allows you to support the content you love thank you to all of our patrons for making crash course possible with their continued support you pof password change

Fishing With Drones Is Crucial To Your Business. Learn Why!

so we’re here at the guys house we’re gonna start photographing them I’m waiting for the groom to get ready but what I’m trying to find it’s the best lighting in the house so typically it’s a window light I find window light either in a living room where there’s a clear area where there’s not a mess sometimes you’ll find that in a bedroom and there’s just a blank wall behind them the shooting with my a r my to cuz I like to get super wide because typically the places I shoot are smaller places so we’ll see what we get okay so now we’re doing the details and typically again I’m at window light I find like a pretty cool chair now it’s kind of ironic that this is a pink chair and I’m photographing Grim’s details but at the same time you know kind of looks edgy I kind of just set it up in the way that I think would look good with his cufflinks or anything special to him basically like a watch [ silent quadcopter with camera] shoes bow tie or tie make sure you’re not having any distracting elements because flowery pillows behind grooms details so I loved it back with this Sonia I can use my live view I can just flip on my screen and I can see what I’m shooting do you want any of the guys to help you get ready or a multiple okay can all of them grab one little piece okay here is most likely the best yeah yep you’re good just help him put him on you guys can laugh meza then very nice now I’ll have you stand by yourself real quick and just kind of adjust your bowtie and your cufflinks and all that okay so face towards the window a little did you just pretend like it’s not like you’re just fixing yourself adjusting don’t be tense at all you’re good good good now face straight on towards me and just look down and kind of adjust your bow ties good now look straight on it mean good good you don’t have to smile you can be real serious now look out the window good drop that smile just more serious you know it’s not awkward it looks good now adjust your cufflinks Oh pull your arm up towards your face good just like that good very very nice good now I’ll have you do your shoes so we’re gonna pull this chair over here here I’ll do it for you and then you just grab your shoes and I’ll have you put on your shoes see that look right there yeah that is a look of sheer terror on my face I look back to my husband and I am freaking out something is wrong with my camera I immediately hand it to him and continue acting like nothing is wrong I grab my second body thank God lesson learned you always bring backups for your backups I go grab my second camera and I just continue shooting I take the groomsmen outside continue portraits and let my husband figure out what’s wrong with my camera we later figure out it is a bad card and thank God that was it so we were able to use the camera the rest of the day so just looking here you guys can kind of adjust yourself some of you can look off some of you can look at me some of you can be talking to each other can you guys on this side stagger yourselves just a tiny bit more yeah good yes spaced out mm-hmm yeah on the end with you perfect just like that it’s great good is it still on buffering Dan okay this is disaster okay so let’s do a couple more groomsman shots so um let’s get you guys staggered one more time next to each other you can do whatever you like whatever is more comfortable for you okay so some of you are gonna have one hand in your pocket put out some of you’re gonna be looking off to the side some of you be grabbing your jacket just different mic you can put one hand in your pocket just like that yeah and you’re you’ll be looking towards me but you guys just be talking to each other don’t move just talk to each other so if you guys you guys right here take like three four steps forward and then you guys take two steps backward and I’m gonna shoot from this way alright ready you guys can start walking towards me oh that’s great that’s perfect okay so I’m gonna get you guys to be in a huddle right around mic so just standing right around mic and kind of like jumping cheering him on that kind of thing okay alright ready you guys can go [Applause] perfect got it good so just hold your jacket like this look off to the side good good now I’m gonna have you walk towards me and I’ma have you like adjust and then pull like this make sure you’re crossing like this you can look up at me but off to the side just as you’re walking okay good good perfect go back to it one more time I’m just like adjusting your jacket adjusting your cufflinks looking do it kind of slower and hold your jacket like this walk off to the side like this you can even turn like this and look off with this okay hold on belts how you want to go no not yet you’re good get ready got yeah good good now look off to either side you can drop one hand that’s it perfect got it nailed it you’re good so we just arrived at the girl’s house I’m going to start shooting details now I have the dress out here outside it’s not so much of a beautiful day but it’s overcast which is actually good for shooting wedding photos I have the veil here on the back and I’m just gonna start shooting different angles different things I have the Rings I have shoes jewelry all of that and the flowers as my sister-in-law is holding off to the side so let’s get started we’re gonna start photographing the dress so I’m always trying to find cool spots like I did with the getting ready with the guys to put my details and outside on their beautiful ports I found like this kind of cool rustic kind of table and I’m just going to set up the jewelry on here lay the flowers down and just set up my shot as if it was supposed to be there okay so just um if you could do me a favor face with a little bit that way and insecure and come stand right here and just pretend like you’re doing her dress good and se just turned back around to your mom just your face good looking at her insecure and you can get in there real close and get in there kiss or cheek yeah good cute very very cute perfect you guys don’t need to look at me you’re just interacting with her helping her dress like fixing her dress good yeah you guys just laughing making her laugh smiling kissing her on the cheek going leaning into her you can wrap your arms in her arm one of you guys can hold her hand perfect and it’ll just be real real close and you guys just kind of love it on her good real real intimate hey good you guys can look at each other and smile and then you could pretend like you’re fixing her trash good yeah good um sweetheart can you come over on her and kind of just wrap your arms around her and lean over on her yeah yeah yeah just like that perfect oh that’s beautiful perfect good big smiles that’s good oh that’s perfect s-see look up at me just real real serious I’m gonna do one with you good well that’s beautiful Essie so we’re gonna start Bridal portraits now we have the beautiful SZ standing here and we are going to have a blast I know because I mean look at her seriously now I’m gonna have you on just kind of fluff your dress again and you can do with one hand and just fluffing it just the move and I’m just getting the movement now just um as you’re doing that with your veil look back like that it just kind of lifts your brows super like serious like yes girl so gorgeous now you can pull your veil around towards the front and kind of look at me and pull your chin down just a little bit yeah that’s beautiful chin down just a tiny bit more perfect drop your bouquet just down by your side oh my god I’m like freaking out right now good you can look down towards your dress beautiful good now what I want you to do is you’re going to blink up at me you can drop your bouquet and you’re just going to look down and you can kind of like even mess with your hair with this hand like pulling it off to the side on this side so opposite hand yep just like that and then you’ll blink up okay yep oh ho ya’ll girl look up just a little bit more with your chin up just a tiny bit good oh no that’s fine I know it’s bright so now you can close your eyes and just kind of lean back and touch your chest right here we’re kind of like messing with your neck now look off to the side and pull your hair get off to the side this way I kind of just pretend like you’re pulling your hair behind your ear just like yes good perf and the wind’s blowing – right now cheese and rice and dead get your ring good so this will just be a formal one make sure your bouquet start your bellybutton is looking here and smiling come a little bit closer Christina – and yeah perfect yeah shoulder behind shoulder perfect you guys look so beautiful okay ready big smiles here looking here ready one two three one two three good okay now you guys interact with each other just talking to her laughing good and then some of you guys are gonna hold hands some of you guys can like hold your head on one person yeah you guys hold hands one of you actually Talia can you put your arm through sd’s arm and Su just make sure that bouquet is like right in front of ya good Leah that looks so good yeah that’s great Ali should go ahead and like drop your hand at ya and just lean towards her like that good come yes girls no now I see you stay looking at me and you grow some kind of interact with each other and just smile at her good good good perfect good okay so now we’re gonna do walking ones okay so you’ll walk real real slowly towards me and you guys can hold your dress if you need to so like you’re walking kind of like this and looking up at me looking off to the side you can mess with your hair okay but interacting with each other as you’re doing it okay and smiles so then you have to get all the way because I I need a wife all right girls whenever whenever you’re ready just walking slowly towards me smiling laughing good so we just wrapped up the getting ready portion of the day and to a lot of photographers I would say that the ceremony is probably the most nerve-wracking time know the getting ready is definitely the most nerve-wracking time because it’s the time when you get the most personal of portraits and you know I what I love the most about this time is that it’s the most intimate of times besides the portraits with the bride and groom [Applause] you may kiss the bride okay so now we leave into the portrait session where I’m shooting the bridal party and both the bride and groom’s so here we go okay all right so just looking at me smiling guys you can either have your hands in the front or you can stagger and put your hands in the pocket totally up to you whatever you’re comfortable with girls just make sure you belt your belly button make sure your belly buttons there your book yes just facing me traditional smiles yeah oh you guys can kiss and make out if you want I don’t care okay hey all right ready looking here ready one two three awesome now you guys can stop kissing and look here all right ready one two three looking here both it every yeah there you go I can’t stop staring at each other okay so now I’m gonna have you guys kind of like almost like crowd each other and you guys will kind of be like the center of it all and you guys will just be like obviously tallest in the back short us in the front some of you guys can scratch down I don’t know how a guy can do it maybe one knee on the ground I don’t want you to ruin your pants okay so let’s go back in a line but stagger yourselves like we did in original portraits you guys got this you know just staggering actually let’s get whoever you walk down the aisle with go stand with yeah let’s do that I’m just just split evenly you guys yeah that looks good guys if you’re married you can hold hands see oh look at you see you’re already in the pose like if you’re not well if you’re not married to the person please please don’t awkwardly kiss them and that will be kind of I don’t want to put that on Instagram okay okay that looks so good guys you guys are like prom pose yes if you’re not married interlock arms I would say if you can just do whatever you want you know you’re married so all right yeah just looking here big smiles good oh you guys look so good that’s so great now you guys talk amongst each other like make each other laugh good good now we’re gonna do the walking thing but slowly slowly slowly is the key because once you know you guys are on the outside I can’t see you anymore so I’m gonna go back a lot further okay and you guys just slowly walk towards me if you’re married hold hands and walk with each other you can look back at your spouse smile looking at them you guys can kiss carry on make out grab butts whatever you want to do okay all right guys whenever you are ready start walking perfect he’s silly shots you want or anything like that or okay if you guys are good we are done you guys can go party wait not not you too I’m sorry oh okay all right you guys you guys are all good bridal party all good all right so go ahead and lean your forehead on her temple and SC you’re looking towards me and you guys can hold hands like you were good good drop to a more serious face good oh that’s beautiful gorgeous good you can lean over and kiss around her temple good you don’t have to pucker your lips yeah good and close your eyes st perfect now whisper something down into her ear tell her what you’re gonna do to her later tonight now you guys can look up at each other good good now what I want you to do is kind of just reach your hand underneath her right here so look down let me do it to you let me pretend you’re a girl so you’re just reaching your hand underneath her like that and bringing her in close like that and then you can look over at me kind of I see we are married it would be kind of awkward random videographer um Oh hand on the other side on this side yeah just bring in our end you can touch forehead to forehead you can lean over whisper in her ear just move in her to make sure don’t pull her face just kind of just touch it yeah that’s good good good you can now bring your hand down and rub down her arms go ahead oh that’s beautiful gorgeous okay so you guys stand closer together you guys can’t hold hands on the other side that’s it good good perfect this is just gonna be your traditional portrait good big smiles Mike you could put your hand in your pocket thumb out good look over at each other that’s beautiful that’s great hold on one it’s beautiful lean down whisper in her ear again I see what you guys are doing just holding hands and you’re going to like adjust your veil and take your time doing it and you’re just gonna look down at her doing that come a little bit closer to her Mike if you can you can even wrap your arm around her not where it’s showing on the other side but yes just like that that’s beautiful guys good you can look up at him and smile good good oh that’s beautiful guys now Mike if you could just wrap your arms around the small of her waist and just kind of push into her where you’re kind of just loving on her pushing into her you know you know what I mean or even more where you you guys are like weighing like this and you can even say yes just like that beautiful good good oh that’s beautiful guys and you can both close your eyes just loving on each other just movements you can rub down her arm Mike you can unwrap your arms yeah good perfect and you guys can look at each other okay so Mike you’re just leading her and you can look back at her as you’re leading her but do it real real slowly good looking back at her good come towards my way just a little bit where you’re walking a little bit towards me yes perfect so you guys are just looking at each other loving on each other good perfect good now lean temple to Temple there you go and close your eyes good more serious drop the smile good just like that I’m gonna do one more oh it’s beautiful I’m gonna do one of your hands holding let’s get one of both of your rings mm-hmm but you can drop your hands where so we’re just more natural it looks like we’re it looks like you guys are holding hands mm-hmm so I’ll place them good you can drop your fingers Mike there you go yeah pull your fingers together st yeah good good my dad always told my sister and I to marry my best program and Estie you are my best friend https://reviewsdash.net/how-to-use-drones-for-fishing/

How To Teach Fishing Drones Better Than Anyone Else

so recently looking back at some photos that I took over ten years ago actually and they were fairly rubbish and it made me realize just how far I come as a photographer but it also made me think the things I’d learnt as a photographer over those sort of years and why I’m making this Articles [ fishing drone for sale ] great to see you all again I’m really excited about this Articles because when I was looking back at these photos from you know a fairly long time ago it did make me realize just how much I’ve improved my photography and so I gave it some thought and for what were the things that that made a difference to me what were those wow moments so I’ve come up with seven things that I think are the key things of that have been sort of stepping stones for those improvements really and some of them are camera things some of the things like you know focus and exposure and lenses and some of them are more sort of soft skills so things like light and things like that so I wanted to put them all together and I’ve caught with seven and I’m gonna go through and share those ideas now one of the key things about them is trying to make things as simple as possible so what what you’d think we’d landscape photography is you’ve got loads of time you can go and set your camera or wait for ages you know you don’t really need to do things quickly but what I found doing landscape photography is it’s sort of the opposite of that a little bit you do have a lot of time you don’t have a lot of time with a lights perfect so again turn on your camera a little bit better when improving some skills to a preview improve your efficiency of taking photos you can actually make a big improvement in your photography as well okay let’s get straight into it so the first point is using aperture priority in your camera this is actually more about just efficiency of use of your camera really I have a lot of people come on workshops with me and it’s quite interesting how many people are using the camera in full manual mode that works obviously you can get results you can you can check until you’ve got the right exposure trial and error and get things and get things right but actually why not use your camera’s metering to get a good shot the thing you care about in landscape photography is depth of field so you might like a shot like this that has a low depth of field took a misson angle see of a lighthouse and I wanted to get these flowers in focus but I didn’t care about the lighthouse been in focus I wanted to try something a little bit different whereas on this one I wanted everything focus from the rocks right the way through to the lighthouse and the in the distance so depth of field is really important but by putting on aperture-priority then you’re prioritizing aperture if you change the aperture or the camera then changes the shutter speed and by and large modern-day cameras now get that exposure right now if I want to change the exposure then I use exposure compensation on max t so a little dial on top and it’s really easy to do on my Nikon d I can just move the wheel and that changes the exposure compensation so whilst I’m looking through the camera I can really easily change the exposure if it’s not quite right by looking at that histogram and I’ll come on to the histogram in a minute but the importance of this why this is so important is that quite often you don’t want to be messing about with manually exposure changing the aperture the shutter speed all the time to get the right exposure because you might miss the actual shots so quite often I’m in my car I’m driving along a stop at the side of the road Grammer camera that light has just changed and I want to take a shot like this one in Scotland and the light change so quickly the cloud came down and then disappeared I wanted to get a shot I’ve shown it many times before but I think it’s really important I just just pointed it I had two spot metering on the snow and I knew that I was going to nail the exposure so which leads me onto number two which is using your histogram for exposure I think it’s really important that everybody understands a histogram it’s fairly simple to understand I’m not gonna go into a lot of detail in this Articles about histograms there’s loads of Articles I’ll link one here but basically it’s a measure of how much data you’ve got a certain tonal values towards the left of your histogram you’ve got your shadow details to the right of your histogram you’ve got your highlights you want to expose as far as you can to the right-hand side of the histogram so if you take these two photos that I’ve got here they’re one of them I under expose and it looks probably better than the one that I pushed to the right-hand side of the histogram but for the one I under exposed although I have not blown out my highlights and it actually looks better just straight out of camera when I start to edit that and change and move it from the right-hand side to the left-hand side of the histogram then I’m going to some more noise in my shadow detail so it’s really important that you push it as far as you can to the right-hand side of the histogram so that you don’t have to pull out detail in your shadows as much but you’re just dropping down your highlights and that way you’ll get less noises noise in your image it took me a long time to figure that out I always just thought I’ll just you know leave a big gap between the the right-hand side cuz I didn’t want to blow out my highlights but but actually what you’re doing there is is reducing the quality of your images okay let’s go on to point number three which is focus now it’s probably the thing I get asked most in my comments where did you focus how did you focus what did you think about hyper focal distance and definitely a hundred percent gonna do a Articles specifically on this subjects I think it’s really important but the best advice I can give you and if you just don’t take anything else from this Articles is to understand your camera and what works for you and your lens combination with your camera I did a Articles on that here so go and take a look at that the things that you need to understand about your camera but it’s very different from one lens and one camera to another so my xd has a much greater depth of field at f than my Nick on d because it’s a crop sensor and you’ve got to understand your own camera the one bit of advice I can give you is if you’re shooting really wide so say on my Fuji XT – it’s millimetres then I would then focus on infinity so the the mountains in the distance and let me just draw this out to just show you and explain why that’s the case okay so let’s just have a look at this we have a photographer you that put his camera and we’ll just say that it’s a XT – and he’s got it set on F – millimeters and he’s photographing an amazing scene here so some mountains and he wants to get everything there’s some amazing trees here and then there’s some rocks in the foreground then he wants to get all all this in focus so he gets his app out and he decides where the hyperfocal distance is so it works out it’s there and then that what that does is it means that he can focus everything from infinity to nought point feet and that’s the where he focuses and everything is exceptionally focused in focus from naught point eight feet to infinity now that’s acceptable focus now the other thing that he could do is that he could just focus here so he could focus on the mountain and that would be obviously his focus point so that would be in focus and everything going back to around about one point six feet would be in focus so his mountain his tree and he’s what he’s got here is a rock as well so this is his rock that will be in focus as well now what I think is that you should use this not this because there is a problem with this technique if you work out your hyper focal distance but you don’t do you don’t set that correctly or you don’t work out exactly where the right distance to focus and say you focused here now potentially that might only extend to about a thousand feet saying and you won’t get the mountains in focus whereas in this one you always get the mountains in focus and you’re just restricted to the minimum distance that you can focus so you just know then that you can’t have anything in your to foreground that’s closer than one point six feet and anything one point six feet or further on will be acceptable in focus now obviously we’re going to try this with your camera but this is better than this okay hopefully that made sense on to the fourth point which is about simplifying your images if you take a look at my composition Articles here I talked a little bit more about simplification and it’s not words occasion I don’t know anyway simplifying your images and it took me a while to sort of get this you know when I first started out in photography I used to produce lots of complicated photos like this and they just didn’t look great really but they want to start to realize that it’s what you cook out of the photos that is more important than what I see what you put into the photos I started to take much much better photos so it’s a simple thing really get to a scene think what do I like about the scene and then remove everything else and you’ll more often than not come up with something that’s really really good I really love Sean took his photos for that I think if you look at some of his street photography in London you can just see how good his simplification of that the scene is you know he’ll find a spot that’s got really nice light with some good lines in it and they’ll just wait for the right people to come in that creates something that’s quite simplistic but really powerful yeah go and take take a look at some of his work on Instagram I’ve linked in the profile below so if you look at this location in bottome I did some drone footage there I mean it’s such an amazing location and your natural tendency is who want to take a photo and get the mountains in and just get the whole scene in but actually it’s when you start to simplify it when you start to use a something like a zoom camera and zooming in on that location that you start to get much better images and I find that there’s using a zoom lens I’ll come on to that in a minute makes a big difference so if you take this image that I took I think it was at Whitby at the beach the first image I took I realized was just too complicated there’s lots of distracting elements but I saw these two people walking down the beach and when I zoomed in on those and simplified the image then it became much more powerful so if you can just think about the things that you want to take out of the image rather than what you want to put any of the image then I think you’ll start to improve your your photography so ya spoke about zooming in on the elements – simplifying which leads me on to my next point and I am now five I think I’m on five I’m a fifth point which is using different lenses so a lot of people look great cameras all the time but not so much get an invest in new lenses so much what I think’s more important is just stick with your cameras just don’t change it everybody’s camera they’re using at the moment will be good enough forever if you keep changing your camera then you have to learn a new camera you spend more time analyzing and zooming in on the megapixels I think you always got more dynamic range but actually most modern cameras now have a adequate dynamic range and enough megapixels but that’s slightly different with lenses lenses and having a different set of lenses can make a significant difference to your photography so if you look at that beach scene when I went from my wide angle lens to my zoom lens and zoomed on those people then it made a difference and similarly if you go the other end to a super wide angle lens now I tend to prefer millimeter more on my XT or millimeter on my Nikon then sort of that the mid wide-angle range because I like shooting the stuff that’s really close to my feet so pointing the camera down like this shot here which was in Snowdonia where I’ve got the rocks in the foreground that literally was pointing the camera down to get this game because it’s a millimeter on my XD and by a sort of embracing different lenses then it can make a difference similarly by just not using the zoom lens but using the prime lens can make a big difference and I did a Articles here on using just a prime lens it really improves your creativity in photography if you just don’t have that ability to zoom and it also reduces the decision-making that you have to make in photography so you can you can actually start thinking more about the scene and what you’re going to include or not include by moving around that that image that sort of nicely moves me into the next or six point which is think about where you stand so how often do you go to a location you think this is amazing you get your camera out you get your tripod out you put your camera on your tripod and you take a shot you get higher anything wine earth didn’t I just move to the left or to the right so if you look at this image now this first image that I talked I realized that the path was in the way and I move down I’d say about five centimetres to create the next image which is significantly better so if you put those alongside each other you can see that on the one that I hadn’t moved down slightly the path is just a distracting element in the image and by removing that path which takes me back to the other point I’m just moving down slightly it made a much much more powerful image so it was simpler I removed that path as an element just by moving down a little bit and the same happens whenever you’re at a location by going low going high moving left or moving right can significantly improve your your photography so maybe just go out with a wide angle lens on I quite often do it my to millimeter lens might on my X t I happen to do it a lot more when I’m on workshops because I’m not really going out there to do photography myself but I’m showing some things on my wide-angle lens and I found that actually improves my creativity because I’m not getting my tripod out so just take one lens one camera and just go out and shoot and you’re fine because you’re really mobile you probably get some better images okay on to my last point and it is literally the most important thing in photography and that is light so obviously light is what we photograph in it’s it’s the the photons that bounce off the trees or the mountains or the lakes and land on that CCD or the film in your camera and I can’t stress how important it is to embrace light in photography and try to understand light in photography it’s quite quite sad to admit that even my kids now whenever there’s good light outside they go dad dad the lights were really good the lights really good so um so they’ve embraced light but I think I think I don’t think I did that so well in the early sort of days of me doing photography I think I often went out at the wrong time of day and cry I really got frustrated why couldn’t I take a photo as good as this person and but they weren’t started to analyze it a little bit and tried to start to understand what I was doing wrong is I just wasn’t going out at the right time of day wasn’t embracing the right time of day and and actually being in those locations when the light was amazing so if you take these two images this was a shot at first of all that I talked around about years ago I think it was of mam tor I was really proud of the shot I thought it was really good I liked the composition of there you know there was a little bit of nice light but they never compared it with a shot that I took just two days ago yeah it’s worlds apart you know it’s a completely different image and now there’s going to be people that prefer the first one I’m sure but I think on the whole most people will say that the second one is much more powerful image and and it’s down to light really the composition is slightly different but really it’s just the quality of that light you know it’s quite hazy it was low Sun I got really early in the morning for sunrise that’s what made the difference to this image and I understood how that light interacted with its surroundings I was pointing right into the Sun for this shot the weather I would never have done that years ago again you know if you go back to the shots that I took in Iceland which was some of my favorite it was all about light you know we’d been at this location for I think about seven hours by this point and the light was starting to get good but if you just compare these two images which were an hour apart you know I could have taken this first one I thought that’s a fantastic image and gone home but just by waiting the light got so much better and it made such a big difference to this image so look at the second one you can see that the significant improvement it’s much much more character to it it’s more dynamic it’s it’s just got oomph to it okay I hope you’ve enjoyed this I’d really be interested in knowing what your top tip is or what you’ve learned to know if you’ve improved your photography over the last year or five years or ten years what was the thing that you thought was that there were light bulb moment that made a big difference to your photography share it in the comments below if you’ve enjoyed this Articles give it a like please subscribe I really really appreciate it and until it’s Sunday and it’s gonna be a good one next Sunday it’s taken me five weeks to produce the Articles that I’m publishing next next Sunday thanks ever so much for Reading and bye my heart is we what’s the best drone out there